Quotes From For Whom the Bell Tolls

Ernest Hemingways novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, published in 1940, follows Robert Jordan, a young American guerrilla fighter and demolition expert, during the Spanish Civil War as he plots to blow up a bridge during an attack on the city of Segovia. Along with The Old Man and the Sea, A Farewell to Arms, and The Sun Also Rises, For Whom the Bell Tolls is regarded as one of Hemingways most popular works, quoted in conversation and English classrooms across the United States to this day. The following quotes exemplify the eloquence and ease with which Hemingway addressed the turmoil and strife of the Spanish Civil War. Context and Setting For Whom the Bell Tolls relies heavily on Hemingways own experience reporting on the conditions in Spain during the Spanish Civil War as a journalist for the North American Newspaper Alliance. He saw the brutality of the war and what it did to domestic and foreign fighters for and against the fascist rule of the time. Religion played a large role in Spain, though the protagonist of Hemingways story grappled with the existence of God. In Chapter 3, the old partisan Anselmo revealed his internal battle when he says to Jordan, But with our without God, I think it is a sin to kill. To take the life of another is to me very grave. I will do it whenever necessary but I am not of the race of Pablo. In Chapter 4, Hemingway masterfully describes the joys of city life as Jordan ponders the pleasure of drinking absinthe when he is far from Paris: There was very little of it left and one cup of it took the place of the evening papers, of all the old evenings in cafà ©s, of all chestnut trees that would be in bloom now in this month, of the great slow horses of the outer boulevards, of book shops, of kiosques, and of galleries, of the Parc Montsouris, of the Stade Buffalo, and of the Butte Chaumont, of the Guaranty Trust Company and the Ile de la Cità ©, of Foyots old hotel, and of being able to read and relax in the evening; of all things he had enjoyed and forgotten and that came back to him when he tasted that opaque, bitter, tongue-numbing, brain-warming, stomach-warming, idea-changing liquid alchemy. Loss In Chapter 9, Agustin says, To make war all you need is intelligence. But to win you need talent and material, but this almost lighthearted observation is overshadowed in Chapter 11, when Jordan grapples with the horrors mankind is capable of committing: You only heard the statement of the loss. You did not see the father fall as Pilar made him see the fascists die in that story she had told by the stream. You knew the father died in some courtyard, or against some wall, or in some field or orchard, or at night, in the lights of a truck, beside some road. You had seen the lights of the car from down the hills and heard the shooting and afterwards you had come down to the road and found the bodies. You did not see the mother shot, nor the sister, nor the brother. You heard about it; you heard the shots; and you saw the bodies. Mid-Novel Reprieve Halfway through For Whom the Bell Tolls, Hemingway allows the protagonist a reprieve from the war in an unexpected way: the quiet cold of winter. In Chapter 14, Hemingway describes it as almost as thrilling as battle: It was like the excitement of the battle except it was clean...In a snowstorm it always seemed, for a time, as though there were no enemies. In a snowstorm the wind could blow a gale; but it blew a white cleanness and the air was full of a driving whiteness and all things were changed and when the wind stopped there would be the stillness. This was a big storm and he might as well enjoy it. It was ruining everything, but you might as well enjoy it. Life and Death One of the partisans is mortally wounded in Chapter 27 and is described as not at all afraid of dying but he was angry at being on this hill which was only utilizable as a place to die...Dying was nothing and he had no picture of it nor fear of it in his mind. As he lay he continued to think of death and its counterpart: Living was a hawk in the sky. Living was an earthen jar of water in the dust of the threshing with the grain flailed out and the chaff blowing. Living was a horse between your legs and a carbine under one leg and a hill and a valley and a stream with trees along it and the far side of the valley and the hills beyond. Love Perhaps the most memorable quotes in For Whom the Bell Tolls were about neither life nor death, but love. In Chapter 13 Hemingway describes Jordan and Maria, a young woman fighting with the partisans, walking through a mountain meadow: From it, from the palm of her hand against the palm of his, from their fingers locked together, and from her wrist across his wrist something came from her hand, her fingers and her wrist to his that was as fresh as the first light air that moving toward you over the sea barely wrinkles the glassy surface of a calm, as light as a feather moved across ones lip, or a leaf falling when there is no breeze; so light that it could be felt with the touch of their fingers alone, but that was so strengthened, so intensified, and made so urgent, so aching and so strong by the hard pressure of their fingers and the close pressed palm and wrist, that it was as though a current moved up his arm and filled his whole body with an aching hollowness of wanting. When they have sex, Hemingway writes that Jordan felt the earth move out and away from under them. Maria: I die each time. Do you not die? Jordan: No. Almost. But did thee feel the earth move? Maria: Yes. As I died.

Sources De La Rarefaction Des Ressources - 874 Words

source de revenu qui est supprimà ©e. Dans de telles pà ©riodes, les prix de la nourriture augmentent de telle sorte à   cause de la rarà ©faction des ressources qu’il est impossible aux plus pauvres se nourrir convenablement. Les femmes sont les premià ¨res touchà ©es par ce phà ©nomà ¨ne d’insà ©curità © alimentaire. De plus, les terres qu’elles cultivent appartiennent souvent à   un tiers, ce qui fait qu’elles n’investissent pas pour les rendre de meilleure qualità ©, ce qui les rend plus sensibles aux consà ©quences du changement climatique. En effet, ce sont en grande majorità © des hommes qui sont proprià ©taires des terres, à   cause de l’idà ©e selon laquelle â€Å"men, as heads of households, control and manage land.†4 Aprà ¨s avoir à ©tudià © le domaine de l’agriculture et l’insà ©curità © alimentaire, nous allons à ©tudier l’impact du changement climatique sur la dà ©forestation et les consà ©quences que cela entraine pour les femmes. Les forà ªts sont indispensables au bon fonctionnement de notre à ©cosystà ¨me. En effet, elles sont trà ¨s importantes dans l’à ©limination du CO2 que les à ªtres humains à ©mettent, que ce soit naturellement ou pas le biais de leur industrie. Couvrant environ 30% de la superficie de la Terre, elles reprà ©sentent aussi une source de nourriture, và ªtements, soins et un lieu d’habitations primordial pour de nombreuses populations. Ainsi, â€Å"more than 1.6 billion people who depend on forest products to some degree, for survival necessities e.g. for fuel wood, medicinal plants and some foods. â€Å"5

Sex deformities at birth or at any other time Free Essays

Sometimes, a boy may be born with small pennies (micropenis) or they may have the penis missing at all. My people have continuously referred to the sex organ to determine the sex of the child and therefore boy without penies may mistakably be taken as a girl. However, research has proved that there are may other factors that should be considered in determining the sex of a child. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex deformities at birth or at any other time or any similar topic only for you Order Now A boy may be born with micropennis or without a penies due to a number of defects including cloacal exstrophy which affects the bladder.   It may also b due to an accident at birth like a mishandled circumcision, which is normally referred to as ablation penis. The issue of concern around such cases is whether these children should be taken as a boy or a girl. The theory underlying ablation penies is that when a boy is born without a penies or loses penis as a result of circumcision, the child can be brought up as a girl and by the time they reach puberty, oestrogen can be introduced in her body to induce development of female characteristics.   In this paper we are going to review one of study on ablation penis which was research by John Money in 1975. John/Joan case The 1975 study has been considered as a study of opportunity since the set involve twin brothers with one brother acting as control for the study.   The study was about John who penis had been distorted in a botched circumcision and was later reassigned as a female while his brother acted as the control for the study. In his work Money had encountered the two twins who had been born in 1960s. When they reached the age of 7months, the boys were recommended to undergo circumcision since they were developing phimosis, a condition which leads to narrowing of the opening of the foreskin. While undergoing circumcision, one of the boys, John was severely burned by an electrocautery knife in his pennies which was completely destroyed. (Money, 1975) This incident would affect the life of the boy in severe way. One of the psychiatrist postulated that the boy would no be able to consummate marriage since he would be incapacitated to have a heterosexual relationship. This would severely affect his relationship with other people especially the fellow boys and therefore he will be forced to live apart from others. Something had to be done to change his course of life. When Money learned about the plight of the boy, he suggested to the parents that the boy to be reassigned as a grail. Money recommended that the boy should undergo a surgical process to create a female genitalia organ by removing the male penis and should be raise as a girl.   When the boy reached 17 months, surgeons removed his testes reshaping the scrotum like a vulva. Henceforth, John became Joan and was raised like a girl by his parents. John/Joan did not experience any trauma or suspicion. (Money, 1975) John Money, who had done extensive research on the hermaphroditic children, based his argument on that at birth infants are sexually neutral and malleable for a window period which last from birth to about 18-24 months. It is during the window period that sexual identity is formed and fixed.   According to Money social imprinting and learning are the most important factors that affect psychosexual development. This assertion was inconsistent with many researches that had been done on acquisition of language. Therefore in this case John/Joan was the subject of study while his brother was the control. The twins were evaluated on regular bases at Hopkins. At puberty, Money reevaluated their psychosexual development and confirmed in his 1975 publication that John/Joan behavior confirmed her as a girls and no one would conjecture that Joan had been born as boy.   Joan behaviors were like that of a little girl and were remarkably different from that of her/his brother. (Money, 1975) Money publication was important in the field as is confirmed that plasticity could be used in gender as well.   This confirmed that an infant who had been born as an unambiguous male could be successfully reassigned as a female and henceforth grows as a normal girl. Money’s publication formed the basic practice for pediatricians taking care of infants with ambiguous genitalia. The study showed that genetic make and prenatal endocrinology does not have an effect in assignment of sex. However, a follow up of the study revealed that Joan had exhibited male behaviors contrary to Money’s publication. For example it was revealed that Joan stood up when urinating and she was rejecting by her girlfriends. She was alienated by other girls. Later exploration of the case or what had happened to Joan/John revealed the failure of the process. His twin brother revealed that John had never shown any feminine characteristics. When Joan reached fourteen years, psychiatrist advised his father to reveal the childhood ordeal when John told his mother that he would kill himself if he was taken to Hopkins to be administered with hormones. John request for mastectomy which was performed and he became a male again.   He has since then lived as a husband, father and a breadwinner for the family. Conclusion The case of John/Joan reveals important factor that should be considered when refashioning infants with ambiguous genitalia.   Although this case had shown initial success, the later results which contradict the earlier findings assert that there must be a thorough assessment of sex reassignment before considering their success. These results show that contrary to what has been assumed, children usually observe the pattern of their sexes. Though Joan was supposed to live as a girl, her behaviors never changed and she exhibited male behaviors. References Money, J. (1975): Ablatio penis: Normal male infant sex-reassignment as a girl. Archives of Sexual Behaviors, vol. 4: 65-71 How to cite Sex deformities at birth or at any other time, Papers

Poultry Farming Backyard of Poultry Farming

Question: Discuss about a Artcle for Poultry Farming? Answer: Poultry farming specifically refers to raising of various kinds of domesticated birds that specifically includes chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks. The key purpose of poultry farming thus includes raising of different types of domestic birds commercially for the production of meats, eggs, and feathers (Maqbool, Sarwar and Bakhs). In context to the present day scenario, poultry farming is considered as one of the most important farming techniques that help in developing an insight knowledge regarding the benefits, purpose, effectiveness and uniqueness of the method (Pathak and Nath). Thus, the present paper will emphasize upon the interesting facts, background information, originality and unbiased viewpoint that has been expressed taking into consideration from the perspective of poultry farming. Figure 1: Poultry Farming on a Large Scale (Source: Maqbool, Sarwar and Bakhs) Poultry farming provides effective and significant information regarding how the domestic birds are specifically raised commercially for the production of eggs, meats, and feathers (Wang et al.). Poultry farming is unique in a way that it specifically deals with farming of domesticated birds and thus produces information regarding the benefits of the technique, various methods implemented, care and management were taken and marketing of the products thus obtained. The farming technique also gives us valuable information regarding animal husbandry systems that lies in association with the implementation of the farming methods (Sankhyan et al.). This primarily includes intensive and extensive methods of poultry farming. Thus, it provides valuable information to the farmers that help them in enriching their knowledge including the techniques, issues, production efficiency and proper raising methods that will help in better productivity and marketing of the products thus produced from ra ising of the domestic birds. Understanding the concept of Poultry farming provides information regarding the different kinds of techniques that have been implemented for raising the domesticated birds. The report suggests that the most common and widely raised poultry birds are the chicken. According to Chen, about 5000 million chickens are raised every year for the production of useful foods such as meats and eggs. A recent report has suggested that USA and UK are the two countries that consume more meats and eggs of chicken in comparison to the other countries (Maqbool, Sarwar and Bakhs). The UK consumes More than 29 million chickens and eggs consumes on an average (Pathak and Nath). However commercial poultry farming plays a significant role in meeting up the demands of the animal nutrition as well. The interesting facts thus discussed helped in gaining suitable information regarding the importance of poultry concerning meeting the demands and needs of the local consumers those who explicitly depends on egg a nd chicken as the primary source of food (Thyagarajan, Barathi and Sakthivadjyu). The facts also revealed regarding the benefits of poultry farming as well and also enhanced the learning process by highlighting the different kinds of methods that are primarily implemented in case o effective a deficient poultry farming. It also provided learning regarding the feeding techniques that are used for feeding the birds and also about the various types of care and management methods implemented by taking proper care of the birds (Damron). In the end, the information's also helped in gaining knowledge regarding the products thus obtained from the poultry farming are substantially sold out in the markets depending upon the demands and nature of the consumers buying behavior. Figure 2: Processing of Poultry Products (Source: Pathak and Nath) The method of poultry farming was initially administered for primarily raising the chickens. With the passage of time, the poultry farming technique has been significantly administered in case of other birds as well that specifically includes geese, turkey, and ducks. The method of poultry firming initially began in the period of early 1800s. With the ongoing improvement in technology, poultry farming has thus been implemented for various kinds of other domestic birds as well which helped in specifically highlighting the importance of the other methods that are specifically applied to developing the concept of poultry farming. Apart from the other methods of farming that includes farming of cattle, buffaloes, pigs and other animals, poultry farming helps in dealing with different kinds of birds and not a single particular birds (Wang et al.). This, in turn, helps in improving the method of animal husbandry as well. Thus, under one shed different kinds of birds can be raised significa ntly which in terms provides a better resource for the production of a large number of products like eggs and meats which are considered as important items that are consumed on a daily basis by the consumers. Understanding the benefits of the poultry farming makes it a topic worthy of research. In context to the other farming methods, poultry farming is considered as one of the most important and best methods of farming as it tends to satisfy the demands of the consumers who readily depends on eggs and meat as the only source of food (Pathak and Nath). Since eggs and meats are considered as one of the most important food sources on which the half of the entire population of the world depends, understanding the benefits of poultry farming than the farming methods of other animals makes it a significant topic for the present research. The major advantage of poultry farming is that it does include any high capital at the starting. A basic capital is all just required (Wankhade). This is because the poultry birds do not have a high maintenance cost and thus, a small cost is enough to start with the raising. Secondly in comparison to other farming techniques, the poultry farming business helps in ensuring a high return on investment within a very short span of time. Moreover, the diseases associated with can be equally minimized by maintaining proper hygiene and case and reports suggest that birds tend to have fewer diseases in context to the other animals. Lastly, the most important point is that poultry helps in providing a large amount of fresh and nutritious food that has a tremendous global demand (Thyagarajan, Barathi and Sakthivadjyu). As the products obtained from the poultry farm are fresh and rich in essential nutrients, there is a steady increase in the global overall consumption of the poultry products, also, to it, poultry farming also provides a source of income and employment opportunities for most of the people. Figure 3: Poultry Farming in factory (Source: Wankhade) In gaining an understanding of the overall topic, it can be thus stated that undoubtedly poultry farming is considered as one of the most significant methods of agriculture that helps the industries to initiate large-scale production of eggs, meats, and feathers. They form a crucial part of the overall global economy as it tends to satisfy the global needs of the consumers as well. The industry people now days are trying to develop more advanced and intensive method of poultry farming that will help to access easily and figure out the latest trends in the market field (Maheshwari). The birds belonging to the poultry farming needs to be handled with proper care, and hence, better maintenance methods need to be implemented for more efficiency and betterment of the products thus obtained from the birds that are used in poultry farming. Changes also include implementation of effective management strategies that will provide e a suitable ground for the employees working in the poultry far ming for the betterment of the overall facilities of the in the farm (Thyagarajan, Barathi and Sakthivadjyu). The employees farmers need to be more aware regarding the different types of poultry farming methods that have been implemented for the sole purpose that will lead to better production and improvement of the product efficiency. Hence, in short the methods of poultry farming that are implemented tends to produce a significant impact on the overall production and quality of the products thus obtained from raising different kinds of birds (Pathak and Nath). Figure 4: Production Process (Source: Thyagarajan, Barathi and Sakthivadjyu) Drawing a conclusion from the above discussion helped ion analyzing the significant outcome, uniqueness, and importance of poultry farming regarding modern day civilization and the uprising demands and change in the trends of the consumers about the consumption of poultry products. References Baruah, Samprity, and Sanju Kynjing. "Backyard poultry farming: a measure to alleviate rural poverty."North-East Veterinarian13.1 (2013): 26-27. Chen, B. "Planning environmental impact assessment methods and practices in livestock and poultry farming." (2012). Damron, W. Stephen.Introduction to animal science: global, biological, social, and industry perspectives. No. SF61. D36 2013. 2013. Maheshwari, Shashank. "Environmental Impacts of Poultry Production."Poultry, Fisheries Wildlife Sciences2013 (2013). Maqbool, A., M. N. Sarwar, and K. Bakhsh. "Modernization of poultry farming."Dawn, Economic and Bussiness Review3 (2015). Pathak, P. K., and B. G. Nath. "Rural poultry farming with improved breed of backyard chicken."Journal of World Poultry Research3 (2013): 24-27. Sankhyan, V., et al. "Analysis of characteristics and improvement strategies of rural poultry farming in north western Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh, India."Livestock Research for Rural Development25 (2013): 12. Thyagarajan, D., M. Barathi, and R. Sakthivadivu. "Scope of poultry waste utilization."OSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science6.5 (2013): 29-35. Wang, Hui, Yong-Ku Kong, and Myung-Chul Jung. "Postural evaluation in a poultry farm for broiler chickens."International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics18.1 (2012): 67-75. Wankhade, P. P., et al. "Rationale Behind Adoption of Agriculture Farming Systems by the Farmers."Indian Res. J. ext. Edu14.3 (2014): 78-82.

JOBS Essays (518 words) - Employment Compensation, Demography

JOBS Using the website www.GlassDoor.com, choose 3 entry-level jobs you plan to have after you graduate college. If your job is a salaried position, take the annual salary and divide it by 52. Write that number here _____________$432____________ this is your weekly salary Divide that number by 40 (hours per week), write it here __________$10.80_________. This is your hourly wage. Option 1Option 2Option 3 OccupationAircraft Maintenance Engineer I.e. Boeing UPS Package handler Fixed Base Operations (FBO) Taxes Taken out Take your weekly salary above and multiply by 2: _________$864__________ This is your bi-weekly pay Multiply this number by .2: ___________$172.8__________ Subtract this number from your bi-weekly salary __________$691.2___________ this is the amount you are actually bringing home every two weeks Bi-weekly salary before taxes $1,048$872.80$1,200 Bi-weekly salary after taxes $838.4$698.24$960 HOME You may rent an apartment for this activity- no living at home. Be certain your choice fits your family size and the cost is below your maximum budget guideline for housing. Also, remember the size of your rental choice will affect the cost of electricity and water. No housing situation includes the cost of cell phone or cable TV. Regardless of your housing situation you must pay your own phone and cable bills. Keep in mind you can have one or two roommates. If you have roommates, you must have a separate bedroom for each person living with you. Go to www.rent.com or www.zillow.com and fill in the chart below for 3 apartments Option 1Option 2Option 3 NamePlanters Walk Southwest VillasThe Vintage At Plantation Bay Location7350 Blanding Boulevard, Jacksonville FL 322445565 Connie Jean Road, Jacksonville FL 322227740 Plantation Bay Drive, Jacksonville FL 32244 Total Square Footage 1210sqft700sqft1216sqft Monthly Cost of rental (if you have a roommate, divide by 2, if you have 2 roommates, divide by 3)$303.33$235416.66 Electricity (use sheet for reference)$107$107$107 Cell Phone (go to a service provider to see how much one cellphone line would be) $32$50$50 Internet/Cable (go to a service provider to see how much one cellphone line would be)$35$45$45 EXTRAS Movies$12$12$12 Going out to eat$30$30$35 Groceries$75$75$75 Buying clothes$25$30$35 Other (list) TOTAL MONTHLY LIVING COST$619$477775.66 TRANSPORTATION Everyone must own a new or used car for this practice simulation. Use the internet to locate 3 potential new or used cars. Go to www.kbb.com. You cannot use Craigslist or your friend who is selling a car or an existing car you already have. When selecting your car, be realistic. Match the car to your life situation. To keep maintenance costs low, purchase the newest car you can afford. Option 1Option 2Option 3 Year of car200720102011 Make of carToyotaFordMitsubishi Model of car4Runner SR5Escape 2WD XLTLancer ES Purchase price11,988$9,000$9,988 Current Mileage109,321104,63362,849 Monthly Payment$229.15$172.46$190.92 TOTAL MONTHLY CAR COST$376.47$282.31$260.54 Which apartment should you choose, based on your expenses and your life situation? Planters Walk-7350 Blanding Boulevard, Jacksonville FL 32244 Which car should you purchase, based on your expenses and your life situation? Ford Escape 2WD XLT Based on your situation what was the most challenging aspect of budgeting your monthly income? Figuring out how much money I should be spending a month and not go bankrupt.

Women and Resistance in Los Angeles essays

Women and Resistance in Los Angeles essays For many years, women across the world have been treated differently. Despite, the long vigorous fight that women had to endure, to reach equality. Women are still treated different, especially women of color. Yet, this did not stop the courageous women of East Los Angeles when they decided to fight for what they believed to be right. The courageous fight that these Latina women took began in the mid 1980s. When the state of California decided to make some alterations in Los Angeles. These Latina women were sitting in church service at Resurrection Church when they heard the horrendous news. The state proposed building a one hundred million prison across the Los Angeles River from Boyle Heights (Gold 8 ). When these women heard what the state of California had proposed, they were livid. The first thing they could think of, was what example would this set for their children. Aside from the state of California wanting to dump a prison in middle of the community of East Los Angeles, various families had lost their homes in East Los Angeles. The cause of various families losing their homes occurred because the State of California decided to incorporate constructions of freeways through these individuals homes. Once the women heard the disturbing news, they decided to take initiative to put a halt to this issue. On one Sunday, they collected nine hundred signatures from church members opposing the proposal (Gold 8). Their first plan was to seek and gain help from various to individuals within their community, so that they could obtain as much support as possible. After continuously seeking help from individuals within their community, they meet weekly to study the various issues at hand. From that point, the Latina women involved various individuals within the community, as well city officials of Los Angeles. The Latina women become so involved in this issue that the State of California was try...

Single-Case Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Single-Case Design - Essay Example In the context of this diversity, researchers should be cautious in selecting an appropriate research method. The Single case design method is considered a good example of human studies that has been so called because of the nature of human research and its use of individual samples i.e., only one or few numbers of participants. Gustav Fecner was the first scholar who has used Single case design in 1860 to develop the discipline of psychophysics. During the initial development of this design, Fecner conducted his research on only two participants (himself and his brother). According to Kerlinger and Lee (2000), Fecner is credited with inventing methods that are still used to measure sensory thresholds. According to Kerlinger and Lee (2000), I.P. Pavlov, through his use of this research design, did pioneering work on instrumental conditioning using dogs. Using single cases was the first step, which led to the development and expansion of this method. Single case design encompasses a s et of characteristics that distinguishes it from others. For example, single-case design, or single participant experimental design, is defined as a strategy by which control in experiments over one or just few participants is achieved. That is why the method is sometimes referred to as the N=1 design (Barker, Pistrang, & Elliott, 2002).

Business Ethics - Ethical Issues in International Business (U5DB) Essay

Business Ethics - Ethical Issues in International Business (U5DB) - Essay Example When reading the statement above, it does seem clear that paying a large tip to secure a better table in a restaurant is the same as offering a bribe in business to secure a contract. Merriam-Webster (2008, pg. 1) defines ‘bribe’ as â€Å"money or favor given or promised in order to influence the judgment or conduct of a person in a position of trust or  something that serves to induce or influence,† so it definitely fits the definition. How is your response to this assignment consistent with the moral philosophy you described in the Unit 1 discussion board assignment? Explain. If it is not consistent with that philosophy, explain why your philosophy has changed. My response to this assignment is different from the moral philosophy I described in the Unit 1 discussion board assignment, where I based my response on consequences. In offering a tip to secure a better table is considered a bribe and is, thus, morally wrong, people who do so are not basing their actions on consequences because the consequences in this case are favorable for them. Rather, the moral philosophy in this case is based on rights. Some people believe that they have the right to secure a better table since they are offering money when others are not, so they choose to do

Tobacco Industry's Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tobacco Industry's Issues - Essay Example Not only can you find people facing several health issues but other problems are also associated with tobacco cultivation. For instance, child labor is the only small problem associated with it.      When you will delve more into the details pertaining to the tobacco industry, you will find that the majority of tobacco workers are migrant workers.   Although often gone unnoticed by consumers, those engaged in the growth and preparation of tobacco and tobacco-related products are often exposed to many health hazards.   Because tobacco is a global industry, tobacco workers all over the world are exposed to such risks.Tobacco products: cigarettes, cigars, snuff, and chewing tobacco, are well known to pose a serious environmental health threat both to consumers themselves and, in the case of secondhand smoke, to the people around them.   Today, vigorous tobacco control activity around the world focuses on curbing tobacco use and, thus, its health effects on consumers.   But the tobacco workers who labor to bring the plant to market face another range of environmental health risks.   Also, most of the labor laws don’t really affect these people because most of them l ive in developing countries where they work on their own family farms. However, it is interesting to note that in the United States, the federal government historically has encouraged tobacco agriculture.   The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) tobacco price support program sets an annual national quota restricting the amount of tobacco that can be grown to that estimated to meet annual domestic and export demand.   For those farmers who hold quota allotments, this policy and an accompanying federal loan program keep market prices artificially high.   Quotas can be leased and traded, and in recent years this has resulted in the concentration of quota allotments in fewer hands, creating some large-scale nonfamily farming operations.

Arguments on genetically modified foods

Arguments on genetically modified foods Introduction Genetically modified foods have become a major concern and have caused controversy regarding both their health and environmental effects (2). Using modern techniques of genetic engineering, it is possible to introduce specific genetic material derived from any species of plant, animal, or microorganism, or even a synthetic material, into different species of plant (Journal 1) This allows a desired trait to be enhanced and reproduced. (3) (4) The resulting plants are commonly known as genetically modified (GM) plants; when used as food sources, they are known as GM foods. (Journal 1) It is probable that crop improvement began as soon as farming did (1) It is thought that improvement to crops and harvesting developed subconsciously with farmers selectively breeding animals and isolating, to then reproduce crops from those with the most desired attributes and from highly variable populations.(1) The first genetically modified crop was the tomato Flavr Savr, produced by a Californian company Calgene, in 1992 whose intention was to create a vine-ripened tomato that was both long-lasting and tasty. (6) However the company failed to prevent the skin of the tomato from soften whilst the fruit ripened. It took 10 years for the development of the tomato, (6) but eventually it received FDA approval in 1994 (6), and led to an increase in GM food products available on the market. Romania, Mexico, Germany, Australia and France are just a few of the 13 countries known to have grown genetically engineered crops on their land for commercial use in the year 2000. (7) The United States of America produced 68% of the worlds GM crops, and therefore became the largest producer of these crops. In comparison to this, Argentina produced, 23%, Canada, 7% and China only 1%. Statistics from 2007 have shown a substantial increase from 1.7 million hectares being used for growing Gm foods in 1996, to 143 million hectares in 23 countries around the globe, with 90% of GM food produced being in developed or newly-developed countries.(journal one). Ways to make GM foods. Genetic modification of a particular plant or animal species can be accomplished by a number of different ways. (3) Genetic engineering involves the DNA alteration of a plant or animals DNA which holds the genetic information of the species. It is the alterations of a specific gene that enables modification of certain characteristics displayed. In order to change a certain characteristic, the corresponding gene coding for it, must initially be isolated in order to be inserted into a new DNA strand using a transfer vector. A Vector is an agent that can carry a DNA fragment into a host cell. (19) Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that are examples of vectors and can replicate independently of the host cell. (3) Once the gene is present in the transfer vector it can then be directed into the cells of the target organism. Then inside the cell the vector replicates and becomes part of the cells own DNA, altering the organisms characteristics. Similar to this method is the vector technique which involves the products being inserted directly into genome via another vector. As well as this there is also the biolistic method, which is commonly known as the gene-gun method and is a technique predominantly used in plant modification. (20) Pellets of metal coated with the desirable DNA are fired at the target cells which are then allowed to reproduce, and may possibly be cloned in order to produce a genetically identical crop. (20) Advantages and disadvantages of GM foods With the worlds population expected to reach 12 billion in the next 50 years, the demand for high quality produce will continue to increase. By growing genetically modified plants with a resistance to pests or herbicides, then the use of chemical applications may be reduced, as can the costs of producing a crop, damage by unwanted pests/weeds.(8) With the rise of various different virus, diseases and bacteria that effect and inhibit the growth of a crop, technologies have enabled genetically engineered crops to be resistant to these different diseases. (9)Plants such as tobacco and potato have had antifreeze genes introduced in to them, to encourage the plants to withstand cold temperatures that would normally kill such plants. (10) A common problem in third world countries is malnutrition with estimations of 1.02 billion people being undernourished and starved. (13) The main staple diet for these people is rice which unfortunately does not contain sufficient quantities of the nutrients and vitamins required to help prevent malnutrition. Genetically engineering this crop in order to create a nutritionally enriched rice variety would have the potential to help improve and in turn, eliminate these deficiencies. Vitamin A deficiency, estimated to affect millions of people around the world prompted the design of Golden rice researched by Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer and contained very large quantities of beta-carotene, which the body uses and coverts to Vitamin A, and is required for a number of different metabolic functions including in vision, immune functions and bone metabolism. (3) Genetic engineering techniques are now more commonly being used in order to introduce into plants, particular DNA that leads to the expression of distinct and unique proteins that are of specific interest and may be harvested and used in the production of pharmaceutical compounds. (11) Currently, synthesis of plant-derived proteins intended for pharmaceutical use is still in the early development stages. Examples of the types of protein and their intended use are summarised in the table below. Nutrition Some examples of GM plants with improved characteristics designed to improve health and nutrition are Maize with added vitamin C content, Potato with insulin as well as enhanced calcium levels, rice with added iron or zinc and coffee beans with decreased caffeine content. (journal 2) One study in to which a genetically modified green pepper and a standard unmodified pepper were analyzed for their nutrient and mineral contents and showed no significant opposing results between the two peppers. The analysis showed that there was neither significant difference in the energy and the protein levels nor a difference in the mineral content which included calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and zinc. This therefore concluded that, the nutrient composition of the genetically modified green pepper was found to be equivalent to that of the standard unmodified peppers. (journal 11) Another study that tested genetically modified Bt maize on laying quails also gave a similar conclusion to the green pepper study. (Flachowsky et al., 2005b; Halle et al., 2006).The results showed that Bt maize did not significantly influence health, hatchability and performances of quails nor did it affect the quality of meat and eggs of quails compared with the unmodified maize that was also tested. (journal 2) One exception to this study however was the that performed by Piva et al. (2001a,b) who noted that significantly improved animal performance was associated with a diet containing the Bt maize. It is thought that this improved performance demonstrated by the animals fed the genetically modified Bt maize crop, was because it reduced secondary fungal infection and, as a consequence, reduced mycotoxin contamination. (journal 2) Toxicity Publications on GM food toxicity are scarce. Although there are many arguments and opinions surrounding the toxicity of GM foods, there is little experimental data and analysis to construct such arguments. In fact, no peer-reviewed publications of clinical studies on the human health effects of GM food exist. Even animal studies are few and far between (18) Acute toxicity studies on the Flavr Savr genetically modified tomatoes, required by the FDA, were carried out with rats to determine toxic effects of the GM product. It was concluded that mean body and organ weights, weight gain, food consumption and clinical chemistry or blood parameters were not significantly different between GM-fed and control groups. However it was noted that sections of the stomach in up to 7 of the 20 female rats fed the GM tomato, showed mild/moderate erosive/necrotic lesions and as well as this 7 of the 40 rats involved in the experiment were known to have died a few weeks after for unstated reasons. (18) Another experiment that tested herbicide-resistant GM maize showed significant differences in fat and carbohydrate contents compared with non-GM maize. Toxicity tests were performed and showed that the rats ability to digest was decreased after eating GM corn. (18) Likewise tests in to potatoes transformed with a specific toxin gene or the toxin itself was shown to have caused an array of unwanted effects and showed that, CryI toxin was indeed stable in the gut of the mouse and therefore GM crops expressing it need to be subjected to thorough teststo avoid the risks before marketing. (18) Such studies support peoples concerns about GM foods and highlight the need for further research in to them and their health effects. Allergies Another issue with the rise in the production of genetically modified crops is the transfer of allergens in to new crops and the effects of particular allergens on human immune response. (journal 3) The majority of dietary proteins consumed are hydrolysed, and digested into smaller peptides that do not produce immune response in most people. However for those unfortunate enough to have hypersensitivity disorders, allergic type inflammatory responses can occur when contact with certain foods is made. For this reason, the introduction of genetically modified plants into the human food chain that contain allergens or proteins of unknown allergic potential could be of risk. (Journal 8) Nordlee et al. (1996) cited in (journal 8) demonstrated using the Brazil nut protein that allergenicity was indeed transferable by genetic modification. Amongst other things these studies confirmed concerns that sensitivity could be transferred to transgenic plants when an allergen is expressed in a non-na tive host through genetic modification. (journal 8) Lee et all (2006) compared the allergenicity of GM potatoes with that of non- GM potatoes in which 1886 patients who suffered various allergic diseases etc were used for testing. From his study he was able to conclude that genetic modification of crops did not cause an increase in allergenicity. The use of certain animal models has been developed in order to test whether or not food components such as GM proteins could potentially induce allergic reactions. (journal 2) The animals are often responders to high IgE and are sensitised before given the test compound. The animal models all have in common the production of specific IgE antibodies to the specific proteins. Particular proteins that cause food allergy in humans are claimed to produce more pronounced IgE responses whereas proteins that do not readily cause such effects in humans are claimed to induce poor IgE responses. (Journal 2) An example of one such model is the BN rat which is a high-immunoglobulin (particularly IgE) responder strain and is similar to humans in the way that they produce antigen-specific immunoglobins,-which are glycoproteins that function as certain antibodies. (3) Experimental investigations in to the hypersensitivity of rats to specific proteins performed by Knippels et al., 1998, showed the rats were capable of producing specific antibodies (IgG and IgE) and immune responses to the model antigen ovalbumin, found in egg white and often employed in experiments into immunology and hypersensitivity to stimulate allergic reactions. (3) Analysis of the research showed the rats developed allergic responses to the same problematic proteins that cause reactions in humans. (Knippels Penninks, 2002). (Journal 8) Pharmaceuticals One of the most impressive applications of genetic engineering is now the development of so-called pharma crops. Specific genes in some useful plants are modified with in order for certain chemicals, antibodies, hormones and proteins to be produced that can be used in different applications in the pharmaceutical industry. (14) The company, INB Biotechnologies in Philadelphia have been recently designing a nontoxic anthrax vaccine through the transgenic modification of petunias. This causes the production of new proteins by the plant that in turn causes the development of antibodies against the anthrax bacterium, when consumed. (16) Trials have begun on genetically engineered crops designed for healing wounds and treating conditions such as cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis of the liver and anaemia; antibodies to fight cancer and vaccines against rabies, cholera and foot-and-mouth disease. (15) The concept of genetically engineered crops for pharmaceutical use is a fairly new idea, and therefore such products are still in their preliminary stages of design and testing. However significant concern has been raised surrounding their use and possible consequences. For instance it is thought that food crops already are or may in the future, be contaminated by DNA sequences from GM crops. (15) Genetically modified crops run the risk of eventually introducing unknown, potentially harmful chemicals into the food chain, by accidental cross breeding and seed contamination. (17) Conclusion As well as there being many benefits to genetic engineering and the introduction of genetically modified foods, there are as well, possible dangers and hazards leading to concern over their use and potential risks to both the environment and to humans. However there is inconsiderable evidence to suggest that there are disadvantages and significant risks of consuming GM foods. Various testing has been conducted on an array of substances and components of GM crops to test for certain effects, some of these being toxicity and allergenicity. There are conflicting reports; some suggesting GM foods are safe, others that say they are dangerous and a risk to human health. Although only slight effects have been observed on the animals tested, it is enough to warrant anxiety over GM foods and their possible implications on humans. Some would argue minor changes and effects on animals doesnt necessarily mean that they would have the same effect, if consumed, on humans, yet, there have also been a number of experiments that contradict this and analysis of which conclude little or no clinical, toxicological abnormalities observed in the animals having been tested. It has been demonstrated that Genetic modification as well as being advantageous can also increase the nutritional value of a food source, providing useful benefits, such as crops with extra vitamins/minerals etc such as the example of golden rice highlighted above. However there are also significant disadvantages such as possible toxicity and allergic components in some GM food sources. Having looked at the evidence surrounding such factors it is difficult to say whether or not there are nutritional arguments against genetically modified foods. It is safe to say therefore, that new and improved methods are needed to further investigate the compositional, nutritional, toxicological and metabolic differences between GM and conventional crops likewise the techniques used in developing GM crops in order to expel the fears of many and allow for technology in this field to expand safely. (18) References Websites http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/genetic-engineering accessed 26/11/09 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/food_under_the_microscope/280868.stm accessed 24/11/09 http://en.wikipedia.org accessed 25/11/09 http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/gloss.php accessed 24/11/09 http://www.disabled-world.com/fitness/gm-foods.php accessed 25/11/09 http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/27236.aspx#ixzz0XoDxyU4H accessed 24/11/09 http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php accessed 25/11/09 Insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis protect corn from corn rootworms (Nature Biotechnology, Vol 19, No 7, pp 668-672, Jul 2001) Lepidopteran-resistant transgenic plants (US Patent 6313378, Nov 2001, Monsanto) cited in (7) Transgenic Approaches to Combat Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat and Barley (Crop Science, Vol 41, No 3, pp 628-627, Jun 2001) Post-transcriptional gene silencing in plum pox virus resistant transgenic European plum containing the plum pox potyvirus coat protein gene (Transgenic Research, Vol 10, No 3, pp 201-209, Jun 2001) cited in (7) Type II fish antifreeze protein accumulation in transgenic tobacco does not confer frost resistance (Transgenic Research, Vol 8, No 2, pp 105-117, Apr 1999) cited in (7) http://www.card.iastate.edu/publications/DBS/PDFFiles/06wp429.pdf accessed 25/11/09 Molecular farming for new drugs and vaccines EMBO report http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1369121/pdf/6-7400470.pdf/?tool=pmcentrez accessed 24/11/09 http://www.wfp.org/hunger accessed 24/11/09 http://www.matternetwork.com/2008/7/making-most-pharma-crops.cfm accessed 25/11/09 http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4709 accessed 26/11/09 http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/medical/conference/presentations/genetically-modified-foods.html accessed 26/11/09 http://www.beep.ac.uk/content/371.0.html accessed 24/11/09 http://www.biointegrity.org and Fares, N.H. and El-Sayed, A.K. (1998) Fine structural changes in the ileum of mice fed on delta-endotoxin-treated potatoes and transgenic potatoes. Natural Toxins 6, 219-233 cited in http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/pusztai.html accessed 25/11/09 http://www.web-books.com/MoBio/Free/Ch9A4.htm accessed 09/12/09 http://library.thinkquest.org/C004367/be9.shtml accessed 09/12/09 Journals Risk assessment of genetically modified crops for nutrition and health- Javier A Magaà ±a-Gà ³mez and Ana M Calderà ³n de la Barca Safety and nutritional assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed: The role of animal feeding trials- Report of the EFSA GMO Panel Working Group on Animal Feeding Trials Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops A. Ko ¨ niga,*, A. Cockburnb, R.W.R. Crevelc, E. Debruyned, R. Grafstroeme, U. Hammerlingf, I. Kimberg, I. Knudsenh, H.A. Kuiperi, A.A.C.M. Peijnenburgi, A.H. Penninksj, M. Poulsenh, M. Schauzuk, J.M. Wall Genetically modified plants and food hypersensitivity diseases: Usage and implications of experimental models for risk assessment A new oral sensitization model in rats to food proteins and the importance of dietary control in oral sensitization with soy- Knippels, LMJ; Penninks, AH; Spanhaak, S, et al The nutrient composition of the herbicide-tolerant green pepper is equivalent to that of the conventional green pepper Hongju Parka, Sunghyen Leea,c,4, Hyunjin Jeonga, Sumook Choa, Hyekyung Chuna, Ohhyun Backa, Donghern Kimb, Hyun S. Lillehojc Books Plant biotechnology. Ed, Nigel G. Halford (2006) chapter 1 pg5 John Wiley and sons Ltd west sussex, England

Dolls House: Themes And Theatrics Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

Ever since "A Doll House" first came to the stage in the 1880's, critics have argued vehemently about the Ibsen's intentions while writing the play, and the ambivalence over the play confused not only the plays but also the audience: while some patrons praised the play, others stormed the stages in protest of Nora's abandonment of her family. The difference of opinion ranged so far as to incite patron who, after reading reviews of the play that objected to the dialogue in the play, did not hear objectionable dialogues to accuse directors of censorship while in fact "not a word has been cut" and "the text they found so innocent contained every one of the enormities denounced by the critics" (Archer 20). Aware of the accusations that might be pointed at him, Ibsen, referred to by some as "enemy of the people," masterfully crafted this short work containing the dramatic development of the heroine Nora along several themes in the process of stirri ng up overwhelming amount of controversy One of the first themes in the play is the contrast between surface appearances and reality. From the beginning, Nora possesses every characteristic of an obedient gentlewoman and a submissive wife, but the audience knows that this picture is simply mistaken: for instance, Nora, Torvald's cute "little squirrel," disobeys Torvald by eating macaroons behind his back. It is interesting to note that to squirrel something means to hide or store something away in a way quite similar to how Nora slips her macaroon bag in her pocket; Ibsen uses the word "squirrel" to signify the Nora who is cute and childish but at the same time points out her tendency to hide things from Torvald. In moving Nora in a stealthy fashion to eavesdrop on her husband's door, the playwrights further accentuates the parallelism between Nora's actions and the actions of a squirrel, but surely the last thing someone would think to compare a model housewife to would be a playful and secretive s quirrel! Further disclosure of "squirreling" around by Nora arises when Nora informs Mrs. Linde about the true identity of the signer of the loan taken out for the purpose of funding the vacation to Italy Nora and Torvald took to improve Torvald's failing health at the time. Before Nora opens up to Mrs. Linde, everyone believ... ...e power of the written text, the playwright utilizes the characters of the childish yet ready to mature Nora and the protective and appearance-conscious Torvald along with the different aspects of theatre such as the well-decorated drawing room set indicating the importance of money and wealth in the play and movements of the character such as the light and easy way Nora prances about and the fashion Torvald watches and follows Nora like a hawk carefully watches his eyas to ascertain that no danger comes to his young ones. In doing so, a masterfully written play and an even more artistically glamorous performance on the stage remain intriguing to readers and theatre-goers even after the curtains are drawn. Bibliography Archer, William. "Ibsen and English Criticism." William Archer on Ibsen. Ed. Thomas Postlewait. (London: Greenwood, 1984). Bryan, George B. An Ibsen Companion: A Dictionary-Guide to the Life, works and Critical Reception of Henrik Ibsen. (London: Greenwood, 1984). Ibsen, Henrik. "A Doll House." The Harcourt Brace Anthology of Drama. Ed. W. B. Worthen. (London: Harcourt Brace, 2000).